Transport emissions, mode by mode

Per-passenger-km emissions for every mode you might choose for a given trip. The same 500 km journey can be 20× more or less carbon-intensive depending on what you take.

CO2 per passenger-kilometre

Modekg CO2e / passenger-kmRelative
Petrol car (alone)
DEFRA, average
0.171
Flight (short-haul)
<1500 km
0.158
Taxi (per passenger)
DEFRA
0.150
Flight (medium-haul)
1500-5000 km
0.149
Flight (long-haul)
DEFRA, with radiative forcing
0.146
Hybrid (alone)
DEFRA
0.121
Bus (per passenger)
DEFRA
0.105
Plug-in hybrid (alone)
DEFRA
0.084
Petrol car (4 passengers)
per-person split
0.043
Rail (per passenger)
DEFRA, average
0.041
Metro (per passenger)
DEFRA
0.029

What actually shifts your transport number

  • One long-haul flight typically dwarfs every other transport choice for the year combined.
  • Carpooling halves a car's per-person emissions. Two people in a petrol car beat a half-empty bus.
  • Trains are nearly always cleanest on European-style high-speed networks. The factor is < 50 g CO2/passenger-km even on dirtier grids.
  • Walking and cycling are zero on the marginal trip (lifecycle emissions of bikes/shoes are negligible at any reasonable use rate).

Sources

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